{"id":935,"date":"2025-04-04T12:13:13","date_gmt":"2025-04-04T10:13:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.i8zse.it\/en\/?p=935"},"modified":"2026-06-07T12:16:01","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T10:16:01","slug":"when-the-internet-used-to-run-over-radio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.i8zse.it\/en\/when-the-internet-used-to-run-over-radio\/","title":{"rendered":"When the Internet used to run over radio"},"content":{"rendered":"

Radio amateurs and Packet Radio<\/strong><\/p>\n

When we talk about digital communication, we often tend to think of it as something recent-almost a revolution of the last few years. In reality, many of the ideas we now take for granted-Internet, networks, wireless-have much deeper roots. And, surprisingly to many, radio amateurs played a far from marginal role in this history.<\/p>\n

It all starts from a concept that seems obvious today, but in the 1960s was almost visionary: connecting different networks together. At the time there were separate systems, such as ARPANET, the British NPL network, or the French CYCLADES. Each one worked with its own rules, as if speaking a different language. The idea was to create a \u201ccommon language\u201d and make them interoperate: thus the concept of internetworking was born, meaning a network made of other networks.<\/p>\n

In that context, terms we now use without much thought began to appear. The gateway, for example, was the device that connected two different networks-capable of translating between protocols, not just routing packets. And the term internet, written in lowercase, simply referred to a set of interconnected networks, one of many possible configurations.<\/p>\n

The real breakthrough came when Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn developed the TCP\/IP protocol. The symbolic moment was January 1st, 1983, the famous flag day, when ARPANET officially adopted this new system. From that point on, the \u201cnetwork of networks\u201d stopped being a theoretical idea and became something real. That network grew so much that it became the network par excellence: from internet (lowercase) to Internet (uppercase).<\/p>\n

In this story, often told only from an academic or military perspective, there is also a parallel thread: that of radio amateurs. Many of the network pioneers were also radio amateurs, and they brought with them a very different approach: less theoretical and more practical, based on experimentation, trial and error, and ingenious solutions.<\/p>\n

Their contribution was fundamental because they demonstrated something simple yet revolutionary: packet transmission did not only work over cables, but also through the air. And the ether, unlike a cable, is a hostile environment: there is noise, interference, and fading signals. Yet even there, they managed to make digital networks work.<\/p>\n

In 1978, the Montreal Amateur Radio Club in Canada carried out the first documented amateur packet radio transmissions on VHF frequencies. Shortly after, around 1979\u20131980, Doug Lockhart, VE7APU, of the Vancouver Area Digital Communications Group (VADCG), developed one of the first Terminal Node Controllers-<\/p>\n

By the end of the 1970s, serious experimentation had begun. In 1978, the Montreal Amateur Radio Club in Canada carried out the first documented amateur packet radio transmissions. Shortly after, around 1980, the Vancouver Area Digital Communications Group (VADCG) developed one of the first standardized Terminal Node Controllers (TNCs), making it possible to use the AX.25 protocol-a radio amateur adaptation of X.25-with equipment accessible to the community. The TNC was a device-in practice a dedicated microcomputer-that allowed a computer to interface with a radio using the AX.25 protocol, a radio-amateur adaptation of X.25. The key idea was that addresses were not abstract numbers, but amateur radio callsigns themselves: the network already embedded the community that used it.<\/p>\n

Almost simultaneously, other pioneering groups formed. Hank Magnuski, KA6M, and the Pacific Packet Radio Society (PPRS) activated the first packet repeater in the United States in December 1980, in San Francisco. In 1983, Tucson Amateur Packet Radio (TAPR) produced the first TNC available as a complete kit-the TNC-1-making it accessible to thousands of radio amateurs. These were not expensive commercial products, but kits, projects, shared documentation. It was an approach we would today call open source, but at the time it was simply the spirit of amateur radio.<\/p>\n

Networks began to grow thanks to digipeaters, nodes that received and retransmitted packets. In this way it became possible to cover ever greater distances, connect different cities, and build true distributed networks. Speeds were modest-1200 baud on VHF, 300 baud on HF-but the concept was entirely new: digital data traveling over radio, routed node by node.<\/p>\n

Over time, these networks became more intelligent. Systems such as Net\/ROM and FlexNet introduced dynamic routing: nodes learned on their own which paths worked best. It was no longer a simple chain of repeaters, but a true network capable of adapting.<\/p>\n

The next step was almost inevitable: bringing Internet directly over radio. This happened thanks to Phil Karn, KA9Q, who in 1985 developed KA9Q NOS, a complete TCP\/IP implementation for personal computers. For the first time, commands such as ping, ftp, or telnet could be used\u2026 over radio. With freely available source code, many radio amateurs contributed to the project, which quickly became one of the most widely used software packages in the packet radio world.<\/p>\n

On this foundation, AMPRNet was born, a global network based on real IP addresses. The 44.0.0.0\/8 block-over sixteen million IP addresses-had already been obtained in 1981 by Hank Magnuski, KA6M, with remarkable foresight, even before the public Internet existed. Management was later entrusted to a group of volunteers, including Phil Karn and, from 1985, Brian Kantor, WB6CYT, of the University of California San Diego, who coordinated global allocations for decades. At that point, there was no longer a clear distinction between wired and radio networks: TCP\/IP packets could travel across both.<\/p>\n

In my own small way, I connected the two worlds: I interfaced the packet network with FidoNet<\/a>, the first global telematic network accessible to the general public-not only to specialists-which I had introduced in Italy the previous year, in 1984, by opening the first Italian node.<\/p>\n

It is interesting to note how all this evolved in parallel with the \u201cofficial\u201d world. On one side there were large, expensive, complex infrastructures; on the other, radio amateurs were building working networks with limited, often self-built equipment. It was a dual-track development: institutional research on one side, widespread experimentation on the other.<\/p>\n

Packet radio thus became a true open-air laboratory. With a PC, a TNC, and a VHF radio, anyone could join a global digital network. It was a form of participatory innovation, based on shared knowledge and individual ingenuity.<\/p>\n

With the arrival of the 1990s and the spread of commercial Internet-faster and easier to use-packet radio gradually lost operational importance. But its impact remained enormous. Radio amateurs had already demonstrated, years earlier, that it was possible to build wireless networks that were reliable, resilient, and distributed.<\/p>\n

In a sense, everything we now consider normal-from Wi-Fi to mobile networks-had already been anticipated, in embryonic form, by those experiments. Packet radio was not just a technology, but a true laboratory of ideas: a concrete way of imagining and building the future of communications, at a time when that future was not yet visible to anyone.<\/p>\n

In the photo: on the right an AEA PK87 TNC (1987), based on a Z80, on the left a home-built TNC (2016) based on an Arduino Nano.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Radio amateurs and Packet Radio When we talk about digital communication, we often tend to think of it as something recent-almost a revolution of the last few years. In reality, many of the ideas we now take for granted-Internet, networks, wireless-have much deeper roots. And, surprisingly to many, radio amateurs played a far from marginal […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":926,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[62,63,64],"class_list":["post-935","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-technology","tag-hf","tag-networking","tag-tcp-ip-vhf"],"yoast_head":"\nWhen the Internet used to run over radio - I8ZSE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Packet Radio: How Amateur Radio Predicted the Internet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.i8zse.it\/en\/when-the-internet-used-to-run-over-radio\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When the Internet used to run over radio - 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