{"id":925,"date":"2022-04-17T11:59:57","date_gmt":"2022-04-17T09:59:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.i8zse.it\/en\/?p=925"},"modified":"2026-06-07T12:01:38","modified_gmt":"2026-06-07T10:01:38","slug":"packet-introduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.i8zse.it\/en\/packet-introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"Packet Introduction"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In the world of packet radio, truly understanding how a TNC is operated starts from a fundamental distinction: <strong>terminal mode<\/strong> and <strong>KISS mode<\/strong>. This choice completely changes how you interact with the AX.25 network.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>terminal mode<\/strong>, the TNC is an \u201cintelligent\u201d device: it directly handles the AX.25 protocol, connections, retries, acknowledgments, and provides the operator with a command-line interface very similar to a Hayes modem. In this mode, you speak directly to the TNC, issuing textual commands and receiving real-time responses.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>KISS mode<\/strong> (Keep It Simple, Stupid), the TNC is reduced to the bare minimum: it only handles the physical layer\u2014modulation\/demodulation, PTT control, timing, and channel access (CSMA)\u2014while all AX.25 logic is delegated to software running on the computer (such as an APRS client or network stack). In practice:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Terminal mode = logic inside the TNC<\/li>\n<li>KISS mode = logic inside the computer<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>If you really want to understand \u201cclassic\u201d packet, you need to go through terminal mode.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"-the-tnc-prompt\">The TNC Prompt<\/h3>\n<p>Once the TNC is powered on in terminal mode, you are presented with a prompt (typically <code>cmd:<\/code>). This is where the core commands begin.<\/p>\n<p>The first is setting your callsign:<\/p>\n<pre><code>MYCALL I8ZSE<span class=\"hljs-number\">-1<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This defines your identity in the AX.25 network, optionally with an SSID (e.g. <code>-1<\/code>, <code>-9<\/code>, <code>-15<\/code>). The SSID allows multiple stations or applications to share the same base callsign.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"-unproto-first-make-yourself-heard\">UNPROTO: first, make yourself heard<\/h3>\n<p>Before attempting any connection, proper operating practice requires you to <em>make yourself visible<\/em> on the frequency\u2014just like calling CQ in voice before looking for a direct QSO.<\/p>\n<p>You configure the path and destination for unconnected messages (UI frames \/ broadcast):<\/p>\n<pre><code>UNPROTO CQ VIA WIDE1<span class=\"hljs-number\">-1<\/span>,WIDE2<span class=\"hljs-number\">-1<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Or, if you are operating in an APRS context:<\/p>\n<pre><code>UNPROTO APRS VIA WIDE1<span class=\"hljs-number\">-1<\/span>,WIDE2<span class=\"hljs-number\">-1<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The <code>WIDE1-1,WIDE2-1<\/code> path is the modern APRS standard: the first hop is handled by local low-level digipeaters (typically fixed stations covering shadowed areas), the second by higher-coverage main digipeaters. Each number indicates the maximum number of repeats allowed at that level.<\/p>\n<p>Then you enable monitoring to listen before transmitting:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span class=\"hljs-attribute\">MON<\/span> <span class=\"hljs-literal\">ON<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This displays all received packets\u2014essential to understand who is active and whether the channel is free. Only after checking traffic conditions does it make sense to transmit.<\/p>\n<p>Now you switch to <strong>converse mode<\/strong> and send your broadcast call:<\/p>\n<pre><code>CONV\r\nCQ CQ <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">de<\/span> I8ZSE, anyone <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">listening<\/span>?\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>The TNC sends a UI packet on the frequency. No response is guaranteed or expected\u2014it is a pure broadcast, exactly like a CQ call. This mechanism is also used for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>APRS beacons (position, telemetry)<\/li>\n<li>general announcements and identification<\/li>\n<li>unconnected messaging networks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"-from-call-to-connection\">From call to connection<\/h3>\n<p>If someone responds to your UNPROTO\u2014or if you already know a station is active (for example a BBS node or gateway)\u2014you can move to a <strong>connected session<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Packet radio supports a <strong>connection-oriented<\/strong> mode, very similar to a TCP session: reliable, bidirectional, with frame numbering and automatic retransmissions.<\/p>\n<p>To connect to a station:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">C<\/span> I8ZSE\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>If the connection succeeds, you will see something like:<\/p>\n<pre><code>*** CONNECTED <span class=\"hljs-keyword\">to<\/span> I8ZSE\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>From that moment you are in a point-to-point session: everything you type is sent as a reliable stream. The TNC automatically handles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>frame numbering (I-frames)<\/li>\n<li>retransmissions (retry) in case of missing ACK<\/li>\n<li>acknowledgments (ACK\/REJ)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You can also connect through intermediate nodes:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span class=\"hljs-keyword\">C<\/span> I8ZSE VIA IR8NODE\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>This is the basis of packet networking via nodes: each intermediate node relays the session toward the final destination, enabling communication beyond direct radio range.<\/p>\n<p>To gracefully close the connection:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span class=\"hljs-attribute\">D<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Or force it without waiting for remote acknowledgment:<\/p>\n<pre><code><span class=\"hljs-attribute\">DISCONNECT<\/span>\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 id=\"-essential-operational-commands\">\u2699\ufe0f Essential operational commands<\/h3>\n<p>Some basic commands that define TNC behavior:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>MON ON<\/code> &#8211; Enables packet monitoring (essential to see what is happening on frequency)<\/li>\n<li><code>MCON ON<\/code> &#8211; Also shows packets during an active connection<\/li>\n<li><code>MRPT ON<\/code> &#8211; Displays digipeaters traversed by each packet<\/li>\n<li><code>BEACON EVERY 600<\/code> &#8211; Automatically sends a beacon every 600 seconds (10 minutes)<\/li>\n<li><code>BTEXT text<\/code> &#8211; Defines beacon content<\/li>\n<li><code>PACLEN 128<\/code> &#8211; Maximum packet size in bytes<\/li>\n<li><code>RETRY 10<\/code> &#8211; Maximum number of retransmissions in case of missing ACK<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These parameters directly affect reliability and channel occupancy.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 id=\"-real-operational-difference\">? Real operational difference<\/h3>\n<p>The difference between connection-oriented mode and UNPROTO is not only technical\u2014it is philosophical, corresponding to two distinct phases of operation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>UNPROTO<\/strong> \u2192 <em>first phase<\/em>: I make myself heard, announce my presence, listen to the channel. Free transmission, unreliable, broadcast. Typical of APRS, beacons, digital CQ calls.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Connection (C &#8230;)<\/strong> \u2192 <em>second phase<\/em>: I have found a correspondent and want structured communication. Reliable, bidirectional, ordered session. Typical of BBS, chat, node and gateway access.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In practice, UNPROTO is almost always used first to probe the frequency, and only then is a connection established\u2014just like in any proper QSO.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 id=\"-what-to-observe-in-practice\">? What to observe in practice<\/h3>\n<p>When operating in real conditions, you will notice that:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a connection generates continuous traffic of small packets (including ACKs), even when no user data is sent<\/li>\n<li>UNPROTO generates single bursts with no reply\u2014zero overhead<\/li>\n<li>the channel can easily become congested if paths are too long or beacons too frequent<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For this reason, operational discipline is essential in packet radio: every packet occupies shared spectrum.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3 id=\"-conclusion\">? Conclusion<\/h3>\n<p>Using a TNC consciously means understanding where intelligence resides (TNC or PC), how UNPROTO is used to make yourself heard before attempting a connection, and when and how to establish an AX.25 connected session.<\/p>\n<p>This is where digital amateur radio becomes a network: no longer just transmitting, but <strong>managing structured communication over a shared and noisy medium<\/strong>, with tools that anticipate concepts now taken for granted in modern networking.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the world of packet radio, truly understanding how a TNC is operated starts from a fundamental distinction: terminal mode and KISS mode. This choice completely changes how you interact with the AX.25 network. In terminal mode, the TNC is an \u201cintelligent\u201d device: it directly handles the AX.25 protocol, connections, retries, acknowledgments, and provides the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":926,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,54],"tags":[56,57,55,58],"class_list":["post-925","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-packet","category-technology","tag-packet","tag-qso","tag-technology","tag-tnc"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Packet Introduction - I8ZSE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"a into to packet radio\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.i8zse.it\/en\/packet-introduction\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Packet Introduction - 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